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If the Council of Nicea was weld in 325 calling in all of the bishops of the day, then there were presumably bishops of the day. Each would be a bishop by apostolic succession. It was then that they declared their belief in one catholic and apostolic church, but that was an affirmation of what already existed. Constantine's command was that they get their shit together, standardize the liturgy, and make the existing Christian church an arm of the Roman government and unifying force in the Empire.
The first use of "catholic church (lower case) was in 107 AD and while it did not refer to the Vatican or Holy See, it would be difficult to argue that in retrospect it did not refer to that which would become the Catholic Church and eventually split into various other churches.
In any event, it wasn't a bunch of screaming, clapping, and dancing Baptists, that's for sure.
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